If using dry black-eyed peas, rinse them under cold water and soak in water for at least 4 hours or overnight. Drain before cooking. If using canned, simply drain and rinse.
In a large pot, heat olive oil over medium heat. Add the chopped onion and sauté until softened, about 5 minutes.
Stir in the minced garlic and cook for an additional minute, being careful not to burn it.
If using dry peas, add the soaked black-eyed peas (or if using canned, add them now) to the pot along with 4 cups of water.
Add the salt, black pepper, smoked paprika, cayenne pepper (if using), and bay leaf to the pot. Stir well to combine.
If you’ve opted to add celery, include it now.
Bring the mixture to a simmer and cover the pot. If using dry peas, cook for about 30-35 minutes until tender (15-20 minutes for canned peas).
Once cooked, remove the bay leaf and adjust seasoning, adding more salt and pepper if necessary.
Serve hot, garnished with fresh parsley if desired.